Transmission of Experience and Knowledge in Early II Millennium BC Culture: A Case Study of Ancient Near Ea
Abstract
Presented article is related to understand a various important achievements and their implementation in the local South Caucasian cultural environment, which might be considered as a result of transmission and translation processes from the Near Eastern World. The highly developed Trialeti Culture, which embrace the main part of South Caucasus and was continued more than four centuries, an absolute date of which defined by 21st -beginning 17 centuries BC, characterized with onflow of an important innovation. This period is remarkable with an activated communication with the Near East and much more adaptation of alien tradition by the Trialeti Culture. It is clearly visible by numerous trialetian assemblages, directly intertwined with the contemporary social, political and economic processes. Founded in Near Eastern region the trade-exchane networks, i.e. Karums were busy by obtaining of metal sources, producing of high artistic craft artifacts in special workshops and also their wider distributing. Supposing that exactly through such trade-exchange colonies was established a communication route, through which the craftsmen and merchants of the Trialeti culture accept all advanced knowledge and mode of highly developed standards of southern civilizations. The sudden and unexpected appearance of fashionable metal production in Transcaucasia without an any background producing of toreutics allowed to suppose that it was a result of influence of Near Eastern civilizations. The great desire and readiness of the trialetian ruling elite to get and concentrate in their hand the prestigious alien samples and produce their close analogues was determined by their high economic possibilities and wish more strength their power. Our attempt is to evaluate an essential change and achieves that took place at that period and interpret their causes in context of translation process.
References
Armenie. Trésors de l’Arménie ancienne des origines au IVe siècle [Armenia: Treasures of ancient Armenia from its origins to the 4th century]. (1996). Paris.
Collon, D. (1982). Some bucket handles. Iraq, 44(1), 95–101. British Museum Press.
Dedabrishvili, Sh. (1979). Kurgany Alazanskoy doliny [Burial mounds of the Alazani Valley]. Metsniereba.
Devedjian, S. (2006). Lori Berd II (Bronze Moyen) [Lori Berd II (Middle Bronze Age)]. Guitoutiun de l’ANS RA.
Futuridze, M. (2002). Samkhret kavkasia-egeosuri samqaros kulturuli kontaqtebis sakitkhisatvis dzv.ts. III atascleulis bolosa da II atascleulis pirvel nakhevarshi [On the issue of cultural contacts between the South Caucasus and the Aegean world at the end of the 3rd millennium BC and the first half of the 2nd millennium BC]. Ena da Kultura [Language and Culture], 3, 100–113. Program Logos.
Futuridze, M. (2018). Okros pigura trialetis kulturis qorghanidan [A gold figure from a burial mound of the Trialeti culture]. Tsivilizatsiuri Dziebani [Civilizational Researches], 15, 7–11. Tbilisi University Press.
Futuridze, M. (2020). Shumeris gavlents amsakveli artepaqtebis shesakheb trialetis kulturashi [On artifacts reflecting Sumerian influence in the Trialeti culture]. Aghmosavletmcodneoba [Oriental Studies], 9, 194–209. Tbilisi University Press.
Futuridze, M. (2023). Trialetis kultura - gavlenata shekhvedris gzajvaredini da misi roli dzv.ts. me-2 atascleulis pirveli nakhevris samkhret kavkasiis datsinaurebashi [Trialeti culture - the crossroads of influences and its role in the advancement of the South Caucasus in the first half of the 2nd millennium BC]. In Sakartvelo da Kavkasia. Tsarsuli, Atsmqo, Momavali [Georgia and the Caucasus: Past, Present, Future], Proceedings of the International Conference (pp. 537–562). University of Georgia Press.
Gogadze, E. (1977). Trialetis qorghanuli kulturis periodizatsia da genezisi [Periodization and genesis of the Trialeti kurgan culture]. Metsniereba.
Japaridze, N. (1981). Brinjaos khanis oqromchedloba sakartveloshi [Bronze Age goldsmithing in Georgia]. Khelovneba.
Japaridze, O. (1969). Arqeologiuri gatrebi trialetshi [Archaeological excavations in Trialeti]. Sabchota Sakartvelo.
Japaridze, O. (1998). Kartveli tomebis etno-kulturuli istoriisatvis dzveli tseltaghrickhvit mesame atascleulshi [For the ethno-cultural history of Georgian tribes in the third millennium BC]. Tbilisi University Press.
Japaridze, O. (2006). Kartveli eris etnogenezis sataveebtan [At the origins of the ethnogenesis of the Georgian nation]. Artanuji.
Kossak, G., & Bohemer, R. (2000). Der Figürlich verzierte Becher von Karašamb [The figuratively decorated beaker from Karashamb]. In R. Dittman et al. (Eds.), Varatio Delectat, Iran und der Westen. Gedenkshrift für Peter Calmeyer (pp. 9–71).
Kuftin, B. (1941). Arkeologicheskie raskopki v Trialeti, I, Opyt periodizatsii pamyatnikov [Archaeological excavations in Trialeti, I, An attempt at the periodization of monuments]. Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR.
Lortkipanidze, N. (2015). Udzvelesi kartuli oqromchedloba [Ancient Georgian goldsmithing]. Georgian National Museum.
Makharadze, Z., Kalandadze, N., & Murvanidze, B. (2016). Ananauris №3 dido qorghani [Ananuri No. 3 Great Kurgan]. Georgian National Museum.
Maxwell-Hyslop, R. (1971). Western Asiatic jewellery c. 3000-612 BC. Methuen & Co LTD.
Müller-Karpe, M. (1995). Zu den Erdräbern 18, 20 und 21 von Assur [Regarding earth graves 18, 20, and 21 of Assur]. Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz, 42, 259–352. Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum Press.
Narimanishvili, G. (2009). Siakhleni trialetis kulturashi [Innovations in the Trialeti culture]. Mtsignobari.
Özgüç, T. (1986). Kültepe-Kaniș II, New researches at the trading center of the ancient Near East. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basímevi.
Puturidze, M. (2003). Social and economic shifts in the South Caucasian Middle Bronze Age. In A. Smith & K. Rubinson (Eds.), Archaeology in the borderlands: Investigation in Caucasia and beyond (Monograph 47, pp. 111–127). Costen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.
Puturidze, M. (2017). On the origins and development of gold working in the Middle Bronze Age Trialeti culture. In E. Rova & M. Tonussi (Eds.), At the northern frontier of Near Eastern archaeology: Recent research on Caucasia and Anatolia in the Bronze Age (SUBARTU XXXVIII). Brepols.
Puturidze, M. (2020). Mobility between the South Caucasus and the Near East: Cultural interaction of early and middle Bronze ages societies. In A. Otto, M. Herles, & K. Kaniuth (Eds.), Proceedings of the 11th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East (ICAANE) (Vol. 1, pp. 69–76). Harrasowitz Verlag Wiesbaden.
Rubinson, K. (2003). Silver vessels and cylinder sealings: Reflections of economic exchange in the early second millennium BC. In A. Smith & K. Rubinson (Eds.), Archaeology in the borderlands: Investigation in Caucasia and beyond (Monograph 47, pp. 128–143). Costen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.
Rubinson, K. (2013). Actual imports or just ideas? Investigations in Anatolia and the Caucasus. In Cultures in contact: From Mesopotamia to the Mediterranean in the second millennium BC (pp. 12–25). Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Shanshashvili, N., Narimanishvili, G., & Narimanishvili, G. (2016). Vachroba da savachro gzebi samkhret kavkasiasa da akhlo aghmosavlets shoris (dzv.ts. 3–2 atascleulebi) [Trade and trade routes between the South Caucasus and the Near East (3rd–2nd millennia BC)]. Mtsignobari.
